Chemical Articel
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OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL OIL
PETROCHEMICAL EARTH OIL
The English petroleum is: petroleum , from Latin, petrus (rock) and oleum (oil), also dubbed as black gold , is a viscous liquid, dark brown, or flammable greenness, which lies at the top of several areas In the Earth's crust. Petroleum
consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, mostly composed
of alkane series, but varies in appearance, composition, and purity.
Composition of Petroleum
The
chemical components of petroleum are separated by the distillation
process, which then, after being processed again, into kerosene,
gasoline, wax, asphalt, etc.
Petroleum consists of hydrocarbons, hydrogen compounds and carbon. The four lightest alkanes- CH 4 (methane), C 2 H 6 (ethane), C 3 H 8 (propane), and C 4 H 10
(butane) are all boiling gas at -161.6 ° C, -88.6 ° C , -42 ° C, and
-0.5 ° C, respectively (-258.9 °, -127.5 °, -43.6 °, and + 31.1 ° F).
Chains in the C region of 5-7 are all light, and volatile, clear naphtha. The compound is used as a solvent, dry cleaning liquid, and other fast-drying products. Chains of C 6 H 14 to C 12 H 26 are mixed together and used for gasoline. Kerosene is made of chains in region C 10
Lubricating oils and half-solid grease (including Vaseline®) are between C 16 to C 20 . The chain above C 20 is solid, starting with "wax, then tar, and bituminous bitumen.
Boiling point in atmospheric pressure distillation fraction in degrees Celsius:
- Oil ether: 40 - 70 ° C (used as solvent)
- Light oil: 60 - 100 ° C (car fuel)
- Heavy oil: 100 - 150 ° C (car fuel)
- Light kerosene: 120 - 150 ° C (solvent and fuel for households)
- Kerosene: 150 - 300 ° C (jet engine fuel)
- Gas oil: 250 - 350 ° C (diesel oil / heater)
- Lubricating oil:> 300 ° C (engine oil)
- The rest: tar, asphalt fuel residue
Some
scientists claim that oil is an abiotic substance, which means it is
not derived from fossils but derives from inorganic substances produced
naturally in the bowels of the earth. However, this view is doubtful in the scientific environment.
Kerosene or paraffin ( kerosene or paraffin ) is a colorless and flammable liquid hydrocarbon. It is obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum at 150 ° C and 275 ° C (carbon chains of C 12 to C 15 ). At one time he was widely used in kerosene lamps but now primarily used as jet engine fuel (more technically Avtur , Jet-A , Jet-B , JP-4 or JP-8 ). A form of kerosene known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as a rocket fuel. The name kerosene is derived from Greek keros ( κερωσ , wax).
Typically,
kerosene is distilled directly from crude oil requiring special
treatment, in a Merox or hydrotreater unit, to reduce its sulfur content
and rusting. Kerosene can also be produced by hydrocrackers, which are used to upgrade parts of crude oil that would be good for fuel oil
Its
use as a cooking fuel is limited in developing countries, where it is
less distilled and contains impurities and even "debris".
Jet engine fuel is kerosene that reaches tightened specifications, especially the smoke point and freezing point.
Petrol (commonly called gasoline in the United States and Canada, in Indonesia commonly referred to as gasoline
) is a liquid mixture derived from petroleum and is largely composed of
hydrocarbons and used as fuel in combustion engines The term gasoline is widely used in the oil industry, Non-American companies. Sometimes the term mogas (short for motor gasoline , used cars) is used to distinguish it from avgas, gasoline used by light aircraft.
Americans use 1.36 billion liters of gasoline every day.
Because it is a mixture of various materials, the petrol fuel varies according to its composition. The size of this fuel can be seen from the octane number of each mixture. In Indonesia, gasoline is traded in two major groups: a standard mixture, called premium , and super gasoline .
Candles are the source of illumination that consists of axis covered by solid fuel. Before the 19th century, the fuel used was usually cow fat. Now what is commonly used is paraffin.
With
the spreading of electric lighting, candles are now more widely used
for other purposes, such as in religious ceremonies, birthday
celebrations, room deodorizer, and so on.
Asphalt
is a part of the construction that serves to create a highway and close
the roof of a leaky zinc and as an impermeable layer, as we see in some
kinds of large buildings on the roof are used pure asphalt because it
is very strong and resistant to acid, There are several kinds of asphalt
that is natural asphalt and asphalt. Asphalt
is, the result of petroleum crust, this material is often used to coat
the Highway to be more flat to be traversed by motor vehicles.
The process of petroleum, petroleum drilling process, mineral resources and energy.
I. PROCESS FOR EARTH ESTABLISHMENT
Petroleum is formed from organic substances derived from plants and animals. The theory that petroleum derives from plants pioneered by PG Maeguir . The theory that petroleum derives from plants and animals dipelopri JP Lesley .
Based on the theory of its formation, petroleum comes from the results of weathering of living organisms that lasted long.
Chart of establishment:
Organisms (which have died) è deposition in the environment è High levels of organic substances è preservation è accumulated è concentrated è into the rock è trapped in sedimentary rocks.
II. PROCESS OF DRINKING EARTH
The process of petroleum drilling is done 2 stages, namely:
1. Exploration Stage
At the exploration stage, an investigation into an area of pliers is estimated to have petroleum content. Stages performed by:
A. Geology (based on rock conditions)
B. Geokomia (based on elements and chemical content)
C. Geophysics (based on physical symptoms)
2. Exploitation Phase
This stage in the form of mining goods in a region (mining). Mining is differentiated based on the content / type of mined substances, namely:
A. Solid material
Mining can be done by:
1. Open pit mining
2. Underground mining
B. Liquid / gas material
1. Land drilling
2. Offshore drilling
At this stage note:
1. Conservation
2. Reclamation
OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
In addition to fuel, the earth is also a raw
material for the industry of plastic polymers, paint materials,
fertilizers, adhesives, Thinner, cleaners, freon, textile materials, and
pepticides.
Industries that use petroleum raw materials are called petrochemical
industries. Here we will discuss some of the petrochemical industry's
results.
Polymer Material
Polymeric
materials derived from petroleum include plastics, such as
polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene poly butadiene (synthesis
rubber) etc. In addition, various textile materials such as ployester,
nylon, etc. can also be produced from petroleum.
A. Effect of heating:
O Thermoplastics: Can be heated repeatedly, for example: vinyl plastic, acetate, urethane
O Thermosets: Can not be repeatedly reheated, for example:: amino-plastic, phenolics, epoxy
B) Usefulness:
Plastic (rigid) polymers are polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride
O Fiber polymer (spun) for example cotton, silk, rayon
O
Elastic polymer (rubber and the like) example: (synthesis rubber). This
flexural property is caused because the polymer still leaves double
bond.
C. Reaction formation
O Based on the reaction of the formation of isomers divided into two, namely the addition polymer and the condensation polymer.
The Impact of Fuel Use for the Environment
The use of fuel in general can cause various air pollution so that it can endanger our health. The forms of pollution include:
A. CO poisoning due to incomplete combustion
B. Global warming (greenhouse effect) due to increased CO2, Freon, CH4, and nitrogen oxides in the air
C. Photochemical mist effect
Carbon dioxide poisoning
Generally BBM combustion involves a hydrocarbon reaction with oxygen gas.
The formation of carbon monoxide, CO can harm humans.Daya bind to hemoglobin CO is stronger about 200 times compared to oxygen. So if the air contains a lot of CO then the air we breathe only a little oxygen that can be bound by hemoglobin in the blood. This will cause symptoms:
O CO 100 ppm: headache and fatigue
O CO225 ppm: fainted
O CO 750 ppm: dead after several hours
O CO levels greater than 1000 ppm: die instantly
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does petroleum used nowadays?
BalasHapusYes it does.
BalasHapusPetroleum products include transportation fuels, fuel oils for heating and electricity generation, asphalt and road oil, and feedstocks for making the chemicals, plastics, and synthetic materials that are in nearly everything we use. Of the approximately 7.19 billion barrels of total U.S. petroleum consumption in 2016, 48% was motor gasoline (includes ethanol), 20% was distillate fuel (heating oil and diesel fuel), and 8% was jet fuel.
Can we change this energy?? And how??
BalasHapusYou can not, because petroleum is a non-renewable energy and also the process for obtaining crude oil is extremely difficult to have to wait thousands of years
HapusRealy? How about biogases? Or another energy.. I think that your argument is not relevan
HapusBiogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production and use cycle is continuous,and it generates no net carbon dioxide. Organic material grows,is converted and used and then regrows in a continually repeating cycle.
HapusBiogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste,manure,municipal waste,plant material,sewage,green waste or food waste.
Petroleum is the result of decomposition of plant and animal material in an area that subsidence(down) slowly. The area is usually a sea,boundary lagoon(lake) along the coast or lake and swamp in the mainland. Sediments are deposited together with the material and the sediment deposition rate must be fast enough so that at least parts of the organic material can be stored and well deposited prior or decay. Under certain circumstances the circulatikn and reduction of hydrocarbon accumulation are found in deep sea water.
in your opinion, what is the function of crude oil?
BalasHapusClothing
HapusPetroleum is used to help make clothing non-flammable and colorful. It is used in the production of rayon, nylon, polyester, and even artificial furs.
Also, hangers are strengthened by petroleum-based resins.
Furniture
According to Conoco Phillips, couch cushions are often filled with durable, lightweight polyurethane foam. Also, if you have carpet or linoleum flooring, you probably have a petroleum based product in your home.
Insulation
The insulation that you find in your home – which keeps unwanted heat from escaping or entering – is a petroleum based product! This means that we depend on crude oil to regulate the temperature in our homes in more ways than we realize.
Kitchen Items
There are a number of items in your kitchen that rely on petroleum as a part of their production. For your refrigerator, the molded interior panels, door liners, and even the foam insulation are all manufactured using crude oil. Many stoves function by using natural gas.
Most of us now use non-stick pots and pans. The coating that provides temperature resistance (PTFE) is created by using petroleum.
How do you determine which kerosene to use?
BalasHapusThe characteristics of kerosene original color is more clear distinctive smell of kerosene when it is felt by hand is not slippery when burned, the smoke tends to be white does not quickly damage the wick stove characteristics of kerosene adulterated colors rather murky smells like oil or diesel fuel content of the oil much so slippery if burned, black smoke was seen more quickly ruin adulterated kerosene stove wicks, wick stove can damage more quickly and then it could ruin the entire burner, as stove become quickly corroded.
Hapuswhat is the useful of petroleum
BalasHapus* Kerosene or paraffin ( kerosene or paraffin ) is a colorless and flammable liquid hydrocarbon. It is obtained by fractional distillation of petroleum at 150 ° C and 275 ° C (carbon chains of C 12 to C 15 ). At one time he was widely used in kerosene lamps but now primarily used as jet engine fuel (more technically Avtur , Jet-A , Jet-B , JP-4 or JP-8 ). A form of kerosene known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as a rocket fuel. The name kerosene is derived from Greek keros ( κερωσ , wax).
HapusTypically, kerosene is distilled directly from crude oil requiring special treatment, in a Merox or hydrotreater unit, to reduce its sulfur content and rusting. Kerosene can also be produced by hydrocrackers, which are used to upgrade parts of crude oil that would be good for fuel oil
Its use as a cooking fuel is limited in developing countries, where it is less distilled and contains impurities and even "debris".
* Jet engine fuel is kerosene that reaches tightened specifications, especially the smoke point and freezing point.
* Petrol (commonly called gasoline in the United States and Canada, in Indonesia commonly referred to as gasoline ) is a liquid mixture derived from petroleum and is largely composed of hydrocarbons and used as fuel in combustion engines The term gasoline is widely used in the oil industry, Non-American companies. Sometimes the term mogas (short for motor gasoline , used cars) is used to distinguish it from avgas, gasoline used by light aircraft.
Americans use 1.36 billion liters of gasoline every day.
Because it is a mixture of various materials, the petrol fuel varies according to its composition. The size of this fuel can be seen from the octane number of each mixture. In Indonesia, gasoline is traded in two major groups: a standard mixture, called premium , and super gasoline .
* Candles are the source of illumination that consists of axis covered by solid fuel. Before the 19th century, the fuel used was usually cow fat. Now what is commonly used is paraffin.
With the spreading of electric lighting, candles are now more widely used for other purposes, such as in religious ceremonies, birthday celebrations, room deodorizer, and so on.
* Asphalt
BalasHapusWhat is PETROCHEMICAL EARTH OIL can be dangerous?
@hudiahudhud
HapusOf course,if swallowed will nausea and vomoting. When the skin will cause stimulation of the skin and cause skin inflammation(dermatiti),loos of consciousness,the first symptoms: dizziness,spicy eyes,decreased consciousness(drunk). For concentration/high levels can be paralyzed,lost taste or die.
HapusYou explain the distillation process, try to explain what is the distillation process?
BalasHapusDestillatiin process is a chemical seperation method based on the difference in velocity or volatility of materials.
HapusIn the destillation,the mixture is boiled to evaporate,and the vapor is then cooled back into liquid form. Substances that have a lower boiling point will evaporate first.
How do you think about petroleum if it is produced continuously if the oil can run out?
BalasHapusWill not be exhausted,because petroleum supply is still very much. For example in the area around my house there is still a crude oil processing.
Hapus